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在鍛造時，金屬的脆性雜質(zhì)被打碎 ，順著金屬主要伸長方向呈碎粒狀或鏈狀分布；塑性雜質(zhì)隨著金屬變形沿主要伸長方向呈帶狀分布 ， 這樣熱鍛后的金屬組織就具有一定的方向性。

When forging, the brittle metal impurities to be broken down, the main direction of elongation is like particles of metal or plastic chain distribution; impurities with metal deformation distributed along the main direction of elongation, so after hot forging metal organization has certain direction.

低塑性拔長時，應注意選擇合適的送進比，送進比太小時，變形集中在上下部，中心都鍛不透，并沿軸向產(chǎn)生拉鍛造應關于鍛件的一些基本知識力，導致內(nèi)部橫向裂紋產(chǎn)生。直線往復鍛造設備1、動載撞擊的鍛造設備2、動靜載聯(lián)合的鍛造設備3，高效能沖擊的鍛造設備。在鐓粗時，常用軟襯墊鐓粗或疊鐓（用于鍛薄餅形零件），以改善變形的不均勻性，防止產(chǎn)生表面裂紋。

When low plasticity is pulled out, attention should be paid to selecting suitable delivery ratio, sending too much time, deformation  on the upper and lower parts, and the center can not be built, and forging along the axial direction should be related to some basic knowledge of forging, resulting in the occurrence of internal transverse cracks. In the upsetting, commonly used soft liner (for upsetting or folding upsetting forging thin pancake, uneven parts) to improve the deformation, prevent the generation of cracks on the surface.

機器鍛造是自由鍛造的主要方法，可鍛造質(zhì)量達到幾百噸的大型鍛件，這使得自由鍛在重型機械制造中具有特別重要的作用。例如，水輪機主軸、多拐曲軸、大型連桿、重要的齒輪零件，在工作時都承受很大的載荷，常采用自由鍛造方法生產(chǎn)毛坯，使其具有很高的力學性能。例如，水輪機主軸、多拐曲軸、大型連桿、重要的齒輪零件，在工作時都承受很大的載荷，常采用自由鍛造方法生產(chǎn)毛坯，使其具有很高的力學性能.滿足使用要求。

Machine forging is the main method of free forging. It can forge large forgings with a quality of hundreds of t, which makes free forging play a very role in heavy machinery manufacturing. For example, the main shaft of a hydraulic turbine, a multi crank crankshaft, a large connecting rod, and important gear parts are subjected to heavy loads when they are working. Free forging is often used to produce blanks, so that they have high mechanical properties.